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Rapoport's rule
Rapoport’s rule is an ecological hypothesis that states that latitudinal ranges of plants and animals are generally smaller at lower latitudes than at higher latitudes.
==Background==
Stevens (1989)〔Stevens, G. C. (1989). ''The latitudinal gradients in geographical range: how so many species co-exist in the tropics''. American Naturalist 133, 240–256.〕 named the rule after Eduardo H. Rapoport, who had earlier provided evidence for the phenomenon for subspecies of mammals (Rapoport 1975,〔Rapoport, E. H. (1975). ''Areografía. Estrategias Geográficas de las Especies''. Fondo de Cultura Económica, México〕 1982〔Rapoport, E. H. (1982). ''Areography. Geographical Strategies of Species''. Trad. B. Drausal, Pergamon Press, Oxford. ISBN 978-0-08-028914-4〕). Stevens used the rule to “explain” greater species diversity in the tropics in the sense that latitudinal gradients in species diversity and the rule have identical exceptional data and so must have the same underlying cause. Narrower ranges in the tropics would facilitate more species to coexist. He later extended the rule to altitudinal gradients, claiming that altitudinal ranges are greatest at greater altitudes (Stevens 1992 〔Stevens, G. C. (1992). The elevational gradient in altitudinal range: an extension of Rapoport’s latitudinal rule to altitude. American Naturalist 140, 893–911.〕), and to depth gradients in the oceans (Stevens 1996 〔Stevens, G. C. (1996). Extending Rapoport’s rule to Pacific marine fishes. Journal of Biogeography 23:149–154.〕). The rule has been the focus of intense discussion and given much impetus to exploring distributional patterns of plants and animals. Stevens’ original paper has been cited about 330 times in the scientific literature.
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